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Archives Volume No: 10, Issue No: 2, Year: 2025 (Special Issue)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paper Title:
EVIDENTIARY VALUE OF HISTORICAL FACTS AND GAZETTEER
Author Name:
Asha Rani S.V
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17995993
Page No.:
1-4
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EVIDENTIARY VALUE OF HISTORICAL FACTS AND GAZETTEER
Author: Asha Rani S.V

ABSTRACT:
The word „Gazetteer‟ comes from the Latin term „Gazeta‟ which means a small coin or the cost of an early news sheet. In earlier days, it was used in narrow sense. But today this word has a broader meaning. After geographical discoveries various attempts to prepare Gazetteers of various regions. As a result of establishment of imperialism and colonialism, preparation of Gazetteers began. In the same way the British who came to India to establish their Supremacy became interested in the study of the regions of India which came under their rule. Mainly there was self interest in this matter. There was a
plan by the British to establish their colonial subjugation and political hegemony over the regions through a study and acquaintance.

Keyword: Historical, Gazetteer, geographical discoveries etc.

Paper Title:
TEMPLES AS EDUCATIONAL CENTRES IN AGRAHARAS IN SOUTH INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFEREFCE TO VIJAYANAGARA PERIOD
Author Name:
Bi Bi Ameena & Ramegowda.C
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17995975
Page No.:
5-14
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TEMPLES AS EDUCATIONAL CENTRES IN AGRAHARAS IN SOUTH INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFEREFCE TO VIJAYANAGARA PERIOD
Author: Bi Bi Ameena & Ramegowda.C

ABSTRACT
An attempt is made in this research article to explain about Temples as Educational Centres in Agraharas in South India with Special Reference to Vijayanagara Period. Religious institution like temples, Agraharas and Mathas of Vijayanagara City played an important role and promoted the cause of religion and also served as centres of religious activity and learning. Education in its beginning was religious. Religious establishments like Hindu temples of different faiths, mathas and agraharas became centres of education.

With the introduction of Jainism and Buddhism, monastic establishments evolved. This had its impact
on Hindu Religion and tradition was continued by the acharyas and the priests of the Hindu temples, and mathas. Education was been given much importance for the ancient times. Education was patronized by the rulers, nobles, merchants and the people of all strata of the society.

Many factors such as ethical, social and religious contributed to the development of education in the medieval times. As Vijayanagara city was developed, large number of people belonging to different regions, communities and professions came and settled there. The king took great interest in providing education to the members of the royal family nobles, military servants, merchants, and other subjects. As it was in ancient Karnataka, even in medieval period temples were the centres of education.

Key Words: Agraharas – Residences of Bhramins Donated by the King Temples –Religious Centre for Promoting of Education, Finearts etc.
Dana – Gift, Curiculam – Various Subjects Taught

Paper Title:
THE MAJOR ROLE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND CONSEQUENCE OF INDIAN SOCIETY- CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
Author Name:
Chitrakala N
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17996088
Page No.:
15-19
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THE MAJOR ROLE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND CONSEQUENCE OF INDIAN SOCIETY- CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
Author: Chitrakala N

ABSTRACT
There are also issues that don't fall into either category, such as warfare and it was to be disagreements about what social issues are worth solving, or which should take precedence. Different individuals and different societies have different perceptions for current social issues of major social problems in India include poverty, gender inequality, caste discrimination, unemployment, corruption, and environmental degradation, which limits of social progress and impact millions of lives. Solutions
require government initiatives and broad societal participation to promote education, improve healthcare, create job opportunities, and foster a more inclusive and just society through reforms and awareness programs the problems of crime, corruption, law enforcement, environmental degradation, substance abuse, and mental health issues have far-reaching implications for the country’s progress. Addressing these problems requires multifaceted strategies involving government, civil society, and
community engagement. The caste with joint family system and village communities emerged in the early phase of India society which are also responsible for several of the social problems in the modern period. India has been a multi-religious, metalinguistic, multi-cultural and multi-regional society, since time immemorial. These diversities of Indian society have made significant cultural contributions and certainly they are a source of strength to the rich cultural heritage of India. There are a variety of methods people use to combat social issues of the society change some people all the vote
for leaders in a democracy to advance their ideals. Outside the political process, people donate or share their time, money, energy, or other resources. This often takes the form of volunteering. Nonprofit organizations are often formed for the sole purpose of solving a particular social issue. Community organizing involves gathering people together for a common purpose.

Keywords : Social Problems, Society- Challenges and Solutions etc.

Paper Title:
TRANSFORMING LEARNING EXPERIENCES: RETHINKING PEDAGOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND EQUITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Author Name:
Seema G.K.
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17995991
Page No.:
20-24
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TRANSFORMING LEARNING EXPERIENCES: RETHINKING PEDAGOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND EQUITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Author: Seema G.K.

ABSTRACT
This research paper examines the transformation of learning experiences in the 21st century, driven by advancements in educational technology, pedagogical innovation, and global efforts toward inclusive and equitable education. As digital learning platforms, artificial intelligence, and experiential learning models reshape the educational landscape, the need for learner centered, accessible, and future-ready
education becomes increasingly urgent. Drawing on global trends, case studies, and interdisciplinary scholarship, this study evaluates the role of Ed-Tech, adaptive learning environments, teacher preparedness, and policy frameworks. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations for making learning more engaging, inclusive, and responsive to the demands of the digital age.

Keywords: Digital pedagogy, Experiential learning, Educational technology, Ed-Tech,
transformation, Inclusive education, Learning personalization Teacher, capacity building, Future ready education

Paper Title:
EDUCATION AND GENDER EQUALITY: BREAKING THE STEREOTYPES IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT
Author Name:
A.N. Gayathri
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17996188
Page No.:
25-32
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EDUCATION AND GENDER EQUALITY: BREAKING THE STEREOTYPES IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT
Author: A.N. Gayathri

ABSTRACT
Education can break gender stereotypes in India by fostering critical thinking, promoting inclusive curricula, and empowering girls and boys to challenge traditional roles. While challenges like sociocultural barriers, economic factors, and gender biased teaching persist, education is a powerful tool for social change. The implementation of policies sustained commitment from stakeholders is crucial for achieving greater gender equity in education and society. Education plays a crucial role in challenging societal norms and stereotypes related to gender. By promoting gender-sensitive curricula and
inclusive teaching practices, schools can encourage students to question traditional roles and foster an environment where both boys and girls can thrive. This paper examines the persistent gender disparities in education in India and analyzes the role of education in promoting gender equality by challenging societal stereotypes. Drawing on empirical evidence and policy interventions within the Indian education system, the paper discusses barriers faced by girls and women, as well as ongoing
efforts to foster inclusive and equitable education.

Keywords : Gender Equality, socio-cultural barriers, economic factors etc.

Paper Title:
NAVIGATING THE DIGITAL AGE: DIGITAL LITERACY, FEAR OF SCAMS, AND SELF-PROTECTION MEASURES AMONG SENIOR CITIZENS
Author Name:
Nireekshan Singh Gowgi S K
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17996219
Page No.:
33-44
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NAVIGATING THE DIGITAL AGE: DIGITAL LITERACY, FEAR OF SCAMS, AND SELF-PROTECTION MEASURES AMONG SENIOR CITIZENS
Author: Nireekshan Singh Gowgi S K

ABSTRACT
In the present age, reliance on technology has become a vital part of daily living. The introduction and use of technology in almost every field has significantly simplified life’s complexities. At the same time, the inability to use technology effectively can make individuals socially disadvantaged. Hence, the necessity for people to make use of technology for their own benefit has grown stronger than ever. Computers, internet access, and smartphones have now become inseparable elements of people’s lives across all social groups. However, certain sections of the population continue to remain behind in this process of technological
adaptation. Among them, the most affected are rural communities, the illiterate and grassroots-level groups. Within these, senior citizens are considered the most vulnerable. They often struggle to cope with the fast-paced changes brought about by technology and find it challenging to keep up. In their efforts to adapt, senior citizens attempt to learn basic computer literacy, internet usage, smartphone handling, and entrepreneurial activities using various applications. While this has simplified their daily
lives and strengthened their bond with younger generations, challenges persist.
Despite its advantages, technology also carries risks. Daily news reports often highlight incidents of its misuse, where fraudsters exploit vulnerable groups. Senior citizens, owing to their limited digital literacy, frequently become the easiest targets of such online scams. This research aimed to study 101 senior citizens, focusing on their digital literacy, fear of online scams, and the preventive measures they adopt to safeguard themselves. Data collection was carried out using an interview schedule, and the gathered responses were analysed systematically. The findings reflect senior citizens’ perceptions and their confidence levels regarding online scams. The processed data have been presented using suitable tables for better understanding.

Keywords: Online Scams, Senior Citizens, Fear, Confidence, Technology, and Awareness

Paper Title:
BREAKING BARRIERS - THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN INCLUSIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Author Name:
Hema Naik
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17996261
Page No.:
45-48
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BREAKING BARRIERS - THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN INCLUSIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Author: Hema Naik

ABSTRACT
This article discusses the role of teachers in creation of an inclusive educational environment. Education is the foundation of a prosperous and empowered society. It plays an imperative role in the development of a nation. Teachers can create an inclusive learning environment by recognising the diverse needs of the learners and making learning experience friendlier and accommodating. They can foster a sense of social inclusion and cultural coordination by application of innovative strategies including cooperative learning, adapting diverse lesson plan models and timely collaboration with parents and other community stake holders. The changing scenario of education and literacy has caused a rapid rise in the number of students. Teachers are responsible for fostering a supportive
classroom environment where all students can feel protected and respected regardless of their learning ability challenges. The government has been endeavouring increase the standards of school education system through several inclusive education schemes. The need for quality education is imperative for improving the performances of school system. Inclusive education can become an innovative approach towards educating the children with disabilities and learning difficulties along with normal learners. Inclusive education can address the learning needs of all children with specific focus on vulnerable and marginalized learners if it is clearly designed and planned. There is a need to generate awareness among the community stake holders about the positive impact of inclusive education on enrolment and academic performances.

Key words: Inclusive learning, role of teachers, measures, challenges,

Paper Title:
A STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF SHAKTHI SCHEME-A MAJOR POLICY INITIATIVE BY THE GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
Author Name:
Jyothi.D
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17996305
Page No.:
49-54
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A STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF SHAKTHI SCHEME-A MAJOR POLICY INITIATIVE BY THE GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
Author: Jyothi.D

ABSTRACT:
The Congress government in Karnataka implemented its flagship guarantee schemes, viz., the „Shakti Scheme. The „Shakti‟ scheme is the provision for free intra-state transportation in non-premium bus services of Karnataka State, for women (including „female students, Transgender, and Physical Handicapped) belonging to all domiciles of the state. Its‟ beneficiaries also include females belonging to the age cohort of „6 -12 years‟ and „transgender‟ of all domiciles of Karnataka. This paper intends to analyse the need for and impact of the „Shakti‟ scheme. This paper analyses the socio-economic impact of the „Shakti‟ scheme in the backdrop of the various critical comments received. It examines Karnataka‟s reducing female labour work force participation
and the factors contributing to it. It also makes a note of the nature of women‟s unpaid household labour. It examines the two major factors, viz. economic dependency and economic security. It underscores the various factors obstructing the mobility of women in public places. The Public transport in India is essential for the mobility of hundreds of millions of people, especially low-income and middle income households. The economic burden of transport costs, unsafe travel conditions, and unreliable services hinder their basic access to education, employment, and essential services. the "Shakti Scheme" is an imaginative drive sent off by the Public authority of Karnataka in
11 June 2023. Free travel Scheme is the fruitful execution of comparative plans in Delhi, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, the essential goal of Shakti Plan is to engage ladies by giving them free travel transport facilities. It shows that the Shakti plot has brought about a huge expansion in both ridership and income for every one of the four street transport organizations, including KSRTC BMTC NWSRTC, and KKSRTC.

Key Words: Shakthi Scheme, KSRTC, Households, Free Travel, Public Transport

Paper Title:
CHALLENGES OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN BANGALORE: A STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO KARNATAKA
Author Name:
Kavallaiah C
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17996345
Page No.:
55-60
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CHALLENGES OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN BANGALORE: A STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO KARNATAKA
Author: Kavallaiah C

ABSTRACT
Skill development policy of Karnataka is guided by the principles of „Equity‟ where the most marginalized and disadvantaged groups based on caste, religion, disability, gender, culture or ethnic affiliation and/or any such phenomena shall get a priority and strategies would be made to reach them proactively respecting their rights. The principles of „Equality‟ shall be ensured where everyone will have fair and equal chance to get the benefits and advantage of this policy. „Enlighten, Equip and Empower‟ this 3Es would guide the concept of skill development. The stakeholders shall be enlightened about the need for skilling, entrepreneurship development, and sustainable livelihood. The choice of opportunity will be provided in the spirit of human development and primary stakeholders would be empowered to get gainful and sustainable livelihood opportunity. Skill development would always maintain „Futuristic‟ attitude and constantly update strategy, approach and activities to match the future need and changing dynamics. „Complementing resources and strength through convergence‟ would be the key principle.

Key words: Skill Development, Sustainable Development, Entrepreneurship development, equality.

Paper Title:
COLONIALISM AND CONSCIOUSNESS: AN ANALYSIS OF NEHRU’S VIEWS ON BRITISH RULE
Author Name:
Kavitha K M
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17996425
Page No.:
61-63
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COLONIALISM AND CONSCIOUSNESS: AN ANALYSIS OF NEHRU’S VIEWS ON BRITISH RULE
Author: Kavitha K M

ABSTRACT
This article examines Jawaharlal Nehru’s perception of British rule in India, tracing the evolution of his views from early admiration of Western liberal ideas to a trenchant critique of imperial domination and finally to a constructive program for post-colonial nation-building. Using Nehru’s own writings and speeches as primary evidence (notably Toward Freedom, The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and letters and speeches), and situating them alongside major secondary studies, the paper argues that Nehru’s attitude toward the British combined moral and political condemnation of
imperialism with pragmatic engagement with Western institutions and ideas. This dual orientation shaped his anti-colonial rhetoric, his constitutional strategy, and the ideological foundations of independent India.

Keywords: Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History etc.

Paper Title:
GENDER BIAS IN THE WORKPLACE: EXAMINING THE EVOLUTION OF GENDER ROLES IN MODERN EMPLOYMENT
Author Name:
Kumara H S
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17996625
Page No.:
64-74
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GENDER BIAS IN THE WORKPLACE: EXAMINING THE EVOLUTION OF GENDER ROLES IN MODERN EMPLOYMENT
Author: Kumara H S

ABSTRACT
Gender bias in the workplace persists in India despite modernization and increased female participation. Traditional gender roles continue to influence career opportunities, leadership, and pay. This study examines evolving gender roles and their impact on workplace equality, advancement, and inclusion in Mysore City. The study explores the influence of gender and gender role orientation on career outcomes specifically career progression, years to promotion, and salary increment and explored the relationship between gender and experiences of workplace bias among 100 employees. A
Chi-Square Test of Independence examined the association between gender and experiences of workplace bias. The results indicated a significant relationship, χ² (1, N = 100) = 15.04, p < .001, with female employees (80%) reporting experiences of workplace bias more frequently than male employees (40%). In addition, The ANOVA results revealed that gender role orientation had a significant impact on all three career-related variables. For career progression, the effect of gender role was significant, F (2,94) = 9.65, p < .001, indicating that employees with modern gender role attitudes
achieved higher levels of career advancement compared to those with traditional or neutral views. For years to promotion, there was a significant main effect of gender role, F (2,94) = 8.45, p < .001, showing that individuals holding modern gender role views were promoted faster. Similarly, for salary increment, gender role again showed a significant effect, F (2,94) = 12.95, p < .001, with modernoriented individuals receiving higher salary growth. Across all three analyses, neither gender nor the interaction between gender and gender role was statistically significant (p > .05), suggesting that
gender alone did not explain variation in career outcomes. Overall, the findings highlight that gender role orientation plays a stronger role than biological gender in determining career advancement patterns. Moreover, the persistent gender-based differences in perceived workplace bias underscore the need for inclusive organizational policies, bias-awareness training, and equitable promotion practices to ensure fair treatment and professional growth opportunities for all employees.

Key Words: Gender Bias, Workplace Bias Career Progression, Modern Employment.

Paper Title:
SKILL AND SELF-RELIANT INDIA
Author Name:
K.C. Mahadesha
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17997443
Page No.:
75-83
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SKILL AND SELF-RELIANT INDIA
Author: K.C. Mahadesha

ABSTRACT:
Skill development and Self-Reliant India go hand in hand. Nothing can prevent the country in accomplishing its goal or hampers the growth of the economic growth of the country where the people are smart, efficient, skilled and talented. In fact, Japan achieved a lot and emerged as one of the developed countries despite the dearth of the resources because of talented, skilled and selfReliant people. The measures taken by the government to strengthen the people through Skill and Self-Reliant India mission. The initiatives and schemes undertaken in last few years have already paved the way for this journey towards making India Self-Reliant. A self-reliant economy has to
mean self-reliant for each and every member of our population. So, the most important objectives of a development strategy that forces on self- reliance is inclusive growth. So that the success of any nation shall be determined through self -reliant citizens for self-reliant India.

Key words: Skill, Self-Reliant, Mission, growth, development, PMKVY, Knowledge, Livelihood, SANKALP.

Paper Title:
INDIAN INITIATIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AI AND DIGITAL SKILLS
Author Name:
K. S. Mahesha
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17997989
Page No.:
84-87
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INDIAN INITIATIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AI AND DIGITAL SKILLS
Author: K. S. Mahesha

ABSTRACT
This paper discuses the initiatives taken up by Government of India for development of AI anddigital skills. Technology plays a critical role in shaping the future of the youth. Inclusive education plays a critical role in training youth in AI skills. There is a need for modernising curriculum to include digital and soft skills through smarter collaborations. This will support in creating work based learning opportunities. Skill Crisis is deepening as technology advances. It is estimated that there are nearly 450 million youth in the world who lack adequate skills to success in labour market. It is also observed that one out five persons aged 15-35 remain disengaged because of lack of opportunities at
skill development. These skill gaps affect vulnerable groups disproportionately. There is a serious observation that there is severe gender disparity in digital sector as 90 % of the young women remain offline. It is also estimated through a study by World Economic Forum that nearly 40 of the skills sets no longer match the needs of the future job market. It is also studied that 22% of the jobs are expected to transform by 2030 due to technological disruption. Thus closing skills gaps is critical for the future of Youth. offering free online courses in AI coding cyber security entrepreneurship and career development is all needed.

Key Words: AI & digital skills , Initiatives , challenges

Paper Title:
FROM PASSIVE TO INTERACTIVE- THE POWER OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION –BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
Author Name:
Mohan Kumar K.S.
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998140
Page No.:
88-91
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FROM PASSIVE TO INTERACTIVE- THE POWER OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION –BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
Author: Mohan Kumar K.S.

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the benefits of technology in education and highlights the need for policy interventions prioritising to meet the challenges. Technology’s power in education is transforming the whole learning experience. Technology in education has enabled personalised learning by expanding access to vast global resources. It has been fostering interactive learning by creating engaging environments and equipping learners with digital skills which are crucial for their future careers. Technology in education supports in accelerating learning, facilitate in addressing learning gaps and
prepare students for a tech driven work force. Students can gain a broader understanding of the world through digital connections and technological resources. Technology in education also beneficial for educators providing learning resources and tools for administration data driven insights into student progress and their overall professional development. The challenges of digital divide, lack of trained professional faculty , chances of social isolation , issues of data protection and security , lack an integrated strategy , lack of academic integrity etc often pose threats to broader incorporation of technology in education . There is a need to prioritise through policy interventions and frame a clear cut strategy for implementation of technology into curriculum.

Key words: technology in education, benefits and challenges

Paper Title:
CHALLENGES FACED BY INDIA DUE TO ITS INCREASING POPULATION
Author Name:
Nagendrakumar P.M
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998180
Page No.:
92-96
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CHALLENGES FACED BY INDIA DUE TO ITS INCREASING POPULATION
Author: Nagendrakumar P.M

ABSTRACT
This article explores the elements contributing to the swift increase of the population in India. India is the most populous nation, with almost one-sixth of the global population living there. The factors contributing to the swift growth of population include increased life expectancy, insufficient awareness of family planning, early marriages, along with socio-religious sentiments that drive rapid population increase. However, the increase in population is imposing a significant strain on the nation's natural resources. This is evident in the unbalanced livelihood model, increased migration levels, and the scarcity of livelihood resources. Additionally, the excessive population is influencing human behavior. There is a necessity to boost literacy rates, enhance family health knowledge, and improve awareness of family planning. There is a necessity to enhance oversight of family planning awareness initiatives that reach rural regions consistently.

Key words: population in India, causes for rapid increase,

Paper Title:
EMPOWERING FUTURES: ADVANCING SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN A VOLATILE WORLD
Author Name:
Pramila M B
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998220
Page No.:
97-101
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EMPOWERING FUTURES: ADVANCING SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN A VOLATILE WORLD
Author: Pramila M B

ABSTRACT
This paper addresses the urgent need to transform traditional skill development and higher education (HE) models in response to the volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) reality of the 21st century. Accelerated by technological disruption, particularly the rise of AI and automation, a critical global skills gap persists. The article argues that empowering futures requires a fundamental shift to prepare individuals with not only specialized technical skills but also uniquely human, transferable meta-skills (e.g., critical thinking, creativity, and adaptability) to thrive in a lifelong
learning paradigm. The transformation is strategically analyzed across three core pillars: Policy and Financing for Resilience, Pedagogical Innovation and Curriculum Reform (e.g., Competency Based Education and experiential learning), and Strengthening Stakeholder Partnerships (e.g., University-Industry collaboration). Ultimately, the paper posits that by strategically embracing technology, ensuring digital equity, and establishing a new social contract for education, global education systems can become catalysts for resilient, inclusive, and sustainable development.

Keywords: Policy, Resilience, Pedagogical Innovation, Curriculum Reform, Partnership, Ultimately, technology, equity, social contract, education, global education systems

Paper Title:
ADMINISTRATIVE INNOVATIONS UNDER CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA
Author Name:
Ranganatha Rao H Karad
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998239
Page No.:
102-106
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ADMINISTRATIVE INNOVATIONS UNDER CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA
Author: Ranganatha Rao H Karad

ABSTRACT:
Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan Empire in the 4th century BCE, introduced a series of administrative innovations that transformed governance in ancient India. Guided by his advisor Kautilya, he established one of the earliest examples of a centralized state, combining political authority with bureaucratic efficiency. At the core was a strong monarchy supported by a council of ministers, where decisions were guided by expertise rather than hereditary privilege. His empire was divided into provinces, each administered by governors and supported by district officials, ensuring that local governance functioned within a larger imperial framework. Villages enjoyed a measure of autonomy but remained tied to the state through revenue collection and judicial oversight. Chandragupta also developed a sophisticated intelligence network. Spies operated in disguise to monitor officials, prevent corruption, and provide timely information about threats, reinforcing the stability of his vast empire.
A structured taxation system formed the financial backbone of the state. Land revenue, trade duties, and resource taxes were collected through systematic surveys and careful record-keeping. Much of this income was reinvested in public works such as roads, irrigation, and fortifications. Law and justice combined customary traditions with codified regulations from the Arthashastra, ensuring both fairness and deterrence. Finally, the military was not just a tool of conquest but also an integrated arm of administration. With six specialized boards managing its vast forces, the army maintained internal order and protected trade routes. These administrative innovations allowed Chandragupta to unify diverse regions and lay the foundations of an enduring model of governance.

Keywords: Centralization, Provinces, Espionage, Taxation, Arthashastra, Military Administration.

Paper Title:
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS OF KARNATAKA: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY
Author Name:
Ravikumar K. & Santhosh Naik R.
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998276
Page No.:
107-114
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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS OF KARNATAKA: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY
Author: Ravikumar K. & Santhosh Naik R.

ABSTRACT
Inclusive education seeks to ensure that all children, regardless of disability, socio-economic background, caste, or language, have equitable access to mainstream schooling. This study examines the challenges and opportunities in implementing inclusive education in government schools of Karnataka using secondary data derived from national policies, state reports, audits, and peer-reviewed literature. Drawing on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016), the National Education Policy (2020), Samagra Shikshana Karnataka reports, and UNESCO/UNICEF studies. This paper
synthesizes evidence concerning policy frameworks, teacher capacity, infrastructure, identification of children with special needs (CWSN), community participation, and monitoring mechanisms (RPwD Act, 2016; NEP, 2020; Samagra Shikshana Karnataka, 2024). From a sociological perspective, the study situates inclusive education within the broader context of structural inequalities, social stigma, and institutional capacity. Findings indicate that while Karnataka benefits from strong policy support
and significant funding, persistent gaps exist in trained personnel, accessible infrastructure, accurate identification of CWSN, and community engagement (UNESCO, 2017; CAG, 2023). The study concludes with actionable recommendations such as strengthening district, model resource centres, expanding in-service teacher training, institutionalizing Individualized Education Plans (IEPs), improving data systems, and fostering community ownership through functional School Development and Monitoring Committees (SDMCs). Implementing these strategies could enhance equity and learning outcomes for all students in Government schools of Karnataka.

Keywords: Inclusive education, Children with Special Needs (CWSN), Samagra Shikshana, NEP 2020, RPwD Act, sociology of education

Paper Title:
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG WOMEN LABOURERS IN COFFEE PLANTATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUDIGERE TALUK OF CHILKMAGALURU DISTRICT
Author Name:
Rukhiyat & Thippesh K
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998311
Page No.:
115-127
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AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG WOMEN LABOURERS IN COFFEE PLANTATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUDIGERE TALUK OF CHILKMAGALURU DISTRICT
Author: Rukhiyat & Thippesh K

ABSTRACT:
Coffee plantations play a crucial role in shaping the socio-economic status of women labourers in Chikkamagaluru district, the heart of India’s coffee industry. Women constitute a major share of the plantation workforce, engaging in activities such as planting, weeding, harvesting, and processing. Their participation not only sustains the coffee economy but also contributes significantly to household income and rural livelihoods. Employment in coffee estates provides women with steady, though often low, wages that help support family needs like food, education, and healthcare. Regular
employment also enhances their social recognition and economic independence, enabling some degree of decision-making within. This study investigates the relationship between Socio-Economic Status (SES) and Quality of Life (QoL) among women labourers working in coffee plantations of Mudigere taluk in Chikmagaluru district. The research employed a stratified random sampling method to select
60 women workers. Data were collected using structured interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with supervisors and social workers. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and t-test were used for data analysis. The results revealed a strong positive correlation between SES and QoL (r (58) = 0.954, p < 0.001), with a t-value of 24.144, indicating high statistical significance. The findings suggest that higher socio-economic status is strongly associated with enhanced physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being among women plantation workers. The study emphasizes the importance of targeted interventions to
improve education, income, and social support, thereby promoting sustainable livelihoods and overall well-being in the coffee sector of Mudigere Taluk of Chikmagaluru District.

Keywords: Women Labourers, Socio-Economic Status, Quality of Life.

Paper Title:
AMENDMENT OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION: LIMITS, POSSIBILITIES, AND POLITICAL REALITIES
Author Name:
SHIVARAJA C M
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998379
Page No.:
128-131
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AMENDMENT OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION: LIMITS, POSSIBILITIES, AND POLITICAL REALITIES
Author: SHIVARAJA C M

ABSTRACT
The Indian Constitution is a living and evolving document, equipped with a mechanism for amendment under Article 368. This adaptability ensures that the Constitution remains relevant amid changing socio-economic and political circumstances. However, the amending power of Parliament is not unfettered. It is subject to substantive limits as laid down by judicial pronouncements, procedural constraints within Article 368 itself, and the realities of India's dynamic political landscape. This paper examines the constitutional, legal, and political boundaries of amendment; identifies the possibilities
for progressive transformation through amendments; and analyzes the political forces and motivations that often shape or hinder constitutional reform. By reviewing landmark amendments and court rulings, this study offers a critical understanding of the fine balance between change and continuity in India's constitutional scheme. It concludes by suggesting reforms to strengthen democratic accountability while preserving the core values of the Constitution.

Keywords: Constitutional Amendment, Article 368, Basic Structure, Judicial Review, Indian Constitution, Political Constraints, Federalism, Constitutional Morality

Paper Title:
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY -THE HIDDEN FORCES BEHIND A CHILD’S HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT
Author Name:
Srinivasa T
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998501
Page No.:
132-135
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FAMILY AND COMMUNITY -THE HIDDEN FORCES BEHIND A CHILD’S HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT
Author: Srinivasa T

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses role of family and community in a child’s holistic development. Family and community can be considered as a back bone of child’s overall development. They provide the protection, support and care which support in physical and emotional development of the child. Childhood is a crucial stage where children learn not just academic basics but also essential social and emotional skills that shape their character, resilience and self confidence. A community focused environment empowers children to express themselves, make friends and experience a sense of
security that enhances their learning experiences. But it is observed that emotional health of the school going children is alarmingly depressing. Nearly 12.5% of the school going children aged 5-15 are affected by depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders. Issues like emotional problems up to 32%, poor social behaviour up to 26% and conduct problems up to 23% was found among children. Factors like urban living, family social issues, parental conflicts etc lead to emotional disorganization. Studies have always pointed out to key role played by community in shaping a child’s constructive
development. The challenges of nuclear family , divided community objectives , bi polar social decadence needs to be addressed through strong policy interventions.

Key words: child’s holistic development, role of Family & community, challenges

Paper Title:
TRANSFORMING THE LEARNING EXPERIENCE: A ROADMAP FOR INDIAN EDUCATION
Author Name:
Sunil Kumar S.
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998571
Page No.:
136-143
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TRANSFORMING THE LEARNING EXPERIENCE: A ROADMAP FOR INDIAN EDUCATION
Author: Sunil Kumar S.

ABSTRACT
Transforming the learning experience has become essential in addressing the needs of Alpha and Beta generation learners, whose attention spans are significantly shorter compared to earlier generations. Traditional rote learning proves ineffective in this context, as children find it difficult to concentrate and retain information meaningfully. To engage students actively throughout the learning process, educators must adopt strategies that move beyond memorization and foster curiosity, participation,
and critical thinking. Bloom’s Taxonomy provides a valuable framework for designing effective lesson plans that cater to diverse learning levels, ensuring that every child is reached. The role of teachers, therefore, extends beyond delivering content to creating interactive, student-centered learning environments. Aligned with the vision of the National Education Policy (NEP 2020), experiential and competency-based learning approaches offer opportunities to connect knowledge with real-life applications, enabling learners to achieve their goals meaningfully. This paper explores how
these methods can reshape classrooms into spaces of active engagement, deeper understanding, and holistic development.

Keywords : Transforming the learn, Indian Education, Education transformation India.

Paper Title:
FROM TANKS TO DAMS: TECHNOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION IN THE WODEYAR PERIOD OF MYSORE STATE
Author Name:
Thimmegowda K & Chikkanna
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998723
Page No.:
144-146
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FROM TANKS TO DAMS: TECHNOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION IN THE WODEYAR PERIOD OF MYSORE STATE
Author: Thimmegowda K & Chikkanna

ABSTRACT
The story of Mysore’s water systems is, in many ways, the story of the state’s modernization. This paper traces how the Mysore kingdom, under the rule of the Wodeyars, evolved from a landscape dotted with small village tanks into one known for impressive modern dams and irrigation projects. The transformation was not a sudden leap but a gradual journey shaped by local innovation, colonial influence, and the ambitions of Mysore’s enlightened rulers. Through this exploration, the paper highlights how technology, governance, and society intertwined to shape the region’s hydraulic history — from community-built tanks to state-engineered dams that symbolized modern progress.

Keywords: Technological Modernization, state’s modernization etc.

Paper Title:
HUMAN RELATIONS THEORY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: ANALYSING ITS RELEVANCE IN THE POST-PANDEMIC WORLD
Author Name:
Umakanth H T
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17998899
Page No.:
147-151
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HUMAN RELATIONS THEORY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: ANALYSING ITS RELEVANCE IN THE POST-PANDEMIC WORLD
Author: Umakanth H T

ABSTRACT
Human Relations Theory has always been considered significant in maintaining a positive work environment and creating a workplace more productive. The theory holds a lot of importance, especially during the pandemic time when the workers have been psychologically and emotionally impacted which necessitates the study of the relevance of the theory. The paper highlights the importance and relevance of the Human Relations Theory in an organizational setup and more specifically to the Indian Setup. The Post Pandemic Public Administration setup is analysed through
the lens of this theory.

Keywords: Human Relations Theory, COVID-19 Pandemic, Work-from-home, Public
Administration, Organization

Paper Title:
REIMAGINING NATIONHOOD THROUGH POLICY REFORM: TOWARDS AN INCLUSIVE AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNANCE
Author Name:
Vimochan Ashok Asode
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17999110
Page No.:
152-159
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REIMAGINING NATIONHOOD THROUGH POLICY REFORM: TOWARDS AN INCLUSIVE AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNANCE
Author: Vimochan Ashok Asode

ABSTRACT
The 21st century marks a transformative period in which the concept of nationhood is being redefined through policy innovation, governance restructuring, and participatory democracy. In contemporary India, the evolving character of governance reflects both developmental ambition and democratic experimentation. Policy reforms under the present government—from Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat to PM Gati Shakti, Ayushman Bharat, and Viksit Bharat 2047 Vision—have aimed to strengthen the fabric of nationhood through transparency, technology, and citizen empowerment. This
study critically analyses how these reforms influence inclusive governance and accountability while shaping a collective national identity. According to recent governance indices, India ranks 39th globally in the Chandler Good Government Index (2024), reflecting steady progress in institutional capacity and public service delivery. Moreover, the United Nations e-Government Development Index (2022) places India among the top 10 developing nations in digital governance. These indicators
reflect the measurable outcomes of reform-oriented governance and its impact on national cohesion It also investigates the tension between centralization and participatory decentralization in governance structures. Drawing on qualitative analysis, policy documents, and socio-political data, the research reveals that while reforms have improved service delivery, enhanced public accountability, and boosted national pride, gaps persist in regional equity, institutional decentralization, and civic
participation. The paper concludes that nationhood in the 21st century must transcend state-centric models and evolve through people-centric governance anchored in justice, equality, and inclusive participation.

Keywords: Nationhood, Policy Reform, Good Governance, Democratic Accountability, Inclusivity, Participatory Development, Digital India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, Welfare Reforms, India 2047 Vision

Paper Title:
BEYOND PEDAGOGY- THE ROLE OF EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING IN THE REPRODUCTION OF MITIGATION OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY
Author Name:
Deepa S.V
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18267786
Page No.:
160-163
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BEYOND PEDAGOGY- THE ROLE OF EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING IN THE REPRODUCTION OF MITIGATION OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY
Author: Deepa S.V

ABSTRACT
This paper examines key imperatives of experimental learning in mitigating educational inequality. In India, disparity in education is emerging as a discernible threat to Economic development. The Indian Education landscape is highly uneven and the rural urban divide is very much noticeable. Factors such as insufficient infrastructure, linguistic exclusion, geographical differences , lack of literacy awareness, gender inequality, caste discrimination etc add collectively to this disparity. Besides, social
discrimination and cultural barriers hinder achievement of complete pedagogic development. Numerous governmental programmes have been developed to reduce the gap between various socio economic categories in accessing education , but the educational landscape reflects inequality and disproportion. Recent researches in education have revealed that Experimental Learning is a key instrument towards bringing sustainability and equality in educational field. This is a pedagogical
shift which is recognized across the globe as a tool to mitigate educational inequality. The EL is experimented to have profound impact on shaping the learners mindset in a positive way irrespective of their socio cultural backgrounds. There is a pressing need for curricular evolution which encourages experimental learning. Socio cultural and environmental challenges manifest in diverse regional landscapes of India need to be prioritised through adoption of inclusive curriculum and experimental learning. Strategies like equitable resource allocation for educational sector ,arranging
for teacher training , funding on providing digital access , creation of gender sensitization , structuring of inclusive curriculum , and transparency in providing proper educational reservations will support in mitigating educational inequality.

Keywords: educational inequality, experimental learning, challenges, initiatives

Paper Title:
A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Author Name:
Lokesh .K.N
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18267863
Page No.:
164-170
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A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Author: Lokesh .K.N

ABSTRACT
Sustainable development provides the foundation for fulfilling human development goals while ensuring that natural systems are capable of providing the resources and ecosystem services crucial for both the economy and society. The aim is to reach a societal state where resource use and quality of life meet human needs while preserving the ecosystem's integrity and stability. Sustainable development is defined as advancement that meets present needs without compromising the
capabilities of future generations. The modern concept of sustainable development mainly stems from the 1987 Brundtland Report, though it is also rooted in earlier notions of sustainable forest management and environmental concerns of the twentieth century. As the concept developed, it shifted to focus on economic advancement, social development, and environmental protection for upcoming generations. It has been
suggested that "the idea of 'sustainability' should be seen as humanity's primary goal of attaining equilibrium between humans and ecosystems (homeostasis), while 'sustainable development' relates to the all-encompassing approach and time-specific methods that lead us toward the sustainability goal." Modern economies are working to align their goals of significant economic growth with the duty of preserving natural resources and ecosystems, which are frequently seen as fundamentally opposed.
Instead of viewing climate change commitments and sustainability measures as hindrances to economic expansion, embracing and leveraging them as market chances will result in greater advantages. Managed Sustainable Development (MSD) signifies the economic advancement realized through systematic principles and practices in an economy. The concept of sustainable development has encountered—and still encounters—criticism, especially concerning what exactly ought to be preserved within sustainable development. It is argued that the sustainable use of a non-renewable resource cannot be achieved, since any degree of extraction will
eventually lead to the exhaustion of the Earth's finite supplies. A global conference was conducted by the United Nations in Stockholm, Sweden, from June 5 to June 16 in 1972.

Keywords :- The term Sustainability should be viewed as humanity target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium while sustainable development.

Paper Title:
CULTIVATING COSMOPOLITANISM: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
Author Name:
Sunil. K
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18268049
Page No.:
171-178
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CULTIVATING COSMOPOLITANISM: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION
Author: Sunil. K

ABSTRACT
In an era of intensifying globalization, the concept of cosmopolitanism has reemerged as a central theme in educational discourse. Global Citizenship Education (GCE), championed by UNESCO, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (OECD), and various national education ministries, is promoted as a pedagogical framework for preparing students to engage with complex global issues. This paper offers a sociological analysis of GCE with a particular focus on how it cultivates cosmopolitan dispositions in students. Drawing on cosmopolitanism theory and sociology of education, the study employs a comparative case study of two international secondary schools, supplemented by discourse analysis of policy documents and thematic coding of interviews and focus groups. Findings highlight three dynamics: (1) the embedding of cosmopolitan values through curricula and pedagogy, (2) tensions between global identities and local/national traditions, and (3)
socioeconomic inequalities shaping access to cosmopolitan education. The paper argues that while GCE fosters intercultural understanding, it risks reinforcing global inequalities unless situated in critical and inclusive pedagogies. Implications for educators and policymakers include ensuring equitable access, embracing plural epistemologies, and cultivating reflexive forms of cosmopolitanism.

Keywords: Cosmopolitanism, Global Citizenship Education, Sociology of Education, Globalization, Intercultural Competence

Paper Title:
COLONIAL INTERESTS AND PROMOTION TO GOLD MINING IN KOLAR REGION DURING THE DEWANSHIP OF K. SHESHDRI IYER IN PRINCELY MYSORE
Author Name:
V. Suvarna & Rachaiah
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18268037
Page No.:
179-181
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COLONIAL INTERESTS AND PROMOTION TO GOLD MINING IN KOLAR REGION DURING THE DEWANSHIP OF K. SHESHDRI IYER IN PRINCELY MYSORE
Author: V. Suvarna & Rachaiah

ABSTRACT
The period of Dewan Sheshadri Iyer was a significant period in the administrative annals of Princely state of Mysore. The regime saw an explorative expansion of Mysore state & this led to the branching out of Princely state of Mysore towards affirmative progression. This paper focuses on the significant political moves behind promotion of Railways, Hydro electric Projects, & such other projects during the Dewan Sheshadri Iyer. The Indirect colonial rule was holding the reigns of administration & controlling it through the Dewans. Even though the portrayal of Dewans as proactive & progressive
Administrators, there was a drive to make colonial benefit fulfilled. This paper focuses on the developmental activities under the Dewanship of Sheshadri Iyer who monitored great public welfare projects only to benefit the Gold mining in Kolar region.

Keywords: Dewan Sheshadri Iyer, Gold mining, colonial interests in Kolar gold mining, benefits for gold mining companies

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